The takeaway from the history of democracy is its building blocks: Although the systems did not provide equal voting rights at the time, the events began the move towards the modern liberal democracy. The first Parliament of Great Britain was established in 1707 and the United States adopted the Constitution in 1787. The modern democratic movement began in the 18 th and 19 th centuries, as philosophers and scholars revived the ancient ideas and pushed them further. The idea faded into the background for a while, with the Roman Empire introducing strongmen to rule once more. For one, women were not considered worthy of the vote. The Athenian democracy was not the representative democracy we know of today. The people become a monarchвЂ¦such people, in its role as a monarch, not being controlled by law, aims at sole power and becomes like a master.вЂќ

вЂњ When states are democratically governed according to law, there are no demagogues, and the best citizens are securely in the saddle but where the laws are not sovereign, there you find demagogues. In his famous book Politics, Aristotle describes the benefits of democracy: In fact, Athenians used the word вЂdemocracyвЂ™ for the first time under CleisthenesвЂ™ rule.Д«ut it was the ideas of Socrates, Aristotle and Plato that finally gave birth to democracy as a political philosophy. After Solon, the region experienced more tyranny, but turned back to democratic governance under Cleisthenes and Ecclesia. Solon created the first constitutional reforms by ending enslavement of the Athenians by fellow Athenians, and removed the privilege-by-birth idea from the society. The Greeks used democracy in different manners. In the broad sense of the word, many tribes have organized around a village council and governed in a co-operative manner. While the modern concept of democracy is dated back to the Ancient Athens of 508 B.C., the idea of ruling as a group has been around for much longer. The essential idea is that instead of someone ruling over people, such as in a tyranny or oligarchy, the people hold the power to decide. The word вЂњ democracyвЂќ means вЂњ rule by the (simple) peopleвЂќ. The word democracy has it roots in Ancient Greece, which is where the concept of democracy began. What is democracy?Дemocracy is a concept everyone is aware of and in order to understand how democratic leadership works, you must comprehend the age-old theory of democracy. Essentially, to understand what democracy means and what are the foundations of the democratic leadership theory. UNDERSTANDING THE DIFFERENT CONCEPTS AROUND DEMOCRATIC LEADERSHIPД«efore we start examining the core characteristics of democratic leadership, itвЂ™s auspicious to glance at the different concepts involved with the leadership style. Finally, weвЂ™ll look at the leadership model through a few examples of democratic leaders. WeвЂ™ll also explore what it requires from the leader before examining the benefits and downsides to the style. Our results confirm that maturity of democracy as well as rationality and awareness of the electorate are very important factors in determination of the scope for opportunistic cycles.In this guide, weвЂ™ll explore the concepts around democratic leadership and the characteristics that build the democratic leadership framework. Using a comprehensive list of Russia's regional elections and regional monthly panel data between 19, we find that: (1) opportunistic political cycles in regional fiscal policies are sizable and short-lived on average (2) the magnitude of opportunistic cycles decreases with voters' rationality and awareness (measured by urbanization, computerization, education, and freedom of media) (3) there is a learning curve for voters: cycles become smaller with time (4) cycles in fiscal policies increase political popularity and the re-election chances of incumbent governors. We find strong evidence of very short opportunistic political cycles and provide evidence and explanation why many previous attempts to find evidence failed.

This Paper tests the theory in a decade-old democracy - Russia. Despite the fact that theoretical research on opportunistic political cycles is very intuitive and well developed, empirical literature has found fairly weak evidence of opportunistic political cycles.

Democracy 3 settings